写在前面

以下内容是基于Redis 6.2.6 版本整理总结

一、Redis为什么要持久化

Redis 是一个内存数据库，就是将数据库中的内容保存在内存中，这与传统的MySQL，Oracle等关系型数据库直接将内容保存到硬盘中相比，内存数据库的读写效率比传统数据库要快的多（内存的读写效率远远大于硬盘的读写效率）。但是内存中存储的缺点就是，一旦断电或者宕机，那么内存数据库中的数据将会全部丢失。而且，有时候redis需要重启，要加载回原来的状态，也需要持久化重启之前的状态。

为了解决这个缺点，Redis提供了将内存数据持久化到硬盘，以及用持久化文件来恢复数据库数据的功能。Redis 支持两种形式的持久化，一种是RDB快照（snapshotting），另外一种是AOF（append-only-file）。从Redis4.0版本开始还通过RDB和AOF的混合持久化。

二、Redis的持久化方式

2.1. AOF持久化 （Append of file）

OF采用的就是顺序追加的方式，对于磁盘来说，顺序写是最快、最友好的方式。AOF文件存储的是redis命令协议格式的数据。Redis通过重放AOF文件，也就是执行AOF文件里的命令，来恢复数据。

2.1.1 fsync 系统调用

fsync 是系统调动。内核自己的机制，调用fysnc把数据从内核缓冲区刷到磁盘。如果想主动刷盘，就write完调用一次fysnc。

2.1.2 AOF持久化策略

• always 在主线程中执行，每次增删改操作，都要调用fsync 落盘，数据最安全，但效率最低
• every second 在后台线程(bio_fsync_aof)中执行，会丢1~2s的数据
• no 由操作系统决定什么时候刷盘，不可控

缺点：
对数据库所有的修改命令（增删改）都会记录到AOF文件，数据冗余，随着运行时间增加，AOF文件会太过庞大，导致恢复速度变慢。比如：set key v1 ，set key v2 ，del key , set key v3，这四条命令都会被记录。但最终的状态就是key == v3，其余的命令就是冗余的数据。也就是说，我们只需要最后一个状态即可。

2.1.3 aof_rewrite

redis针对AOF文件过大的问题，推出了aof_rewrite来优化。aof_rewrite 原理：通过 fork 进程，在子进程中根据当前内存中的数据状态，生成命令协议数据，也就是最新的状态保存到aof文件，避免同一个key的历史数据冗余，提升恢复速度。

在重写aof期间，redis的主进程还在继续响应客户端的请求，redis会将写请求写到重写的缓冲区，等到子进程aof持久化结束，给主进程发信号，主进程再将重写缓冲区的数据追加到新的aof文件中。

虽然rewrite后AOF文件会变小，但aof还是要通过重放的方式恢复数据，需要耗费cpu资源，比较慢。

2.2 RDB快照（redis默认持久化方式）

RDB是把当前内存中的数据集快照写入磁盘RDB文件，也就是 Snapshot 快照（数据库中所有键值对二进制数据）。恢复时是将快照文件直接读到内存里。也是通过fork出子进程去持久化。Redis没有专门的载入RDB文件的命令，Redis服务器会在启动时，如果检测到了RDB文件就会自动载入RDB文件。

2.2.1 触发方式（自动触发和非自动触发）

（1）自动触发
在redis.conf 文件中，SNAPSHOTTING 的配置选项就是用来配置自动触发条件。

save： 用来配置RDB持久化触发的条件。save m n 表示 m 秒内，数据存在n次修改时，自动触发 bgsave (后台持久化)。
save “” 表示禁用快照；
save 900 1：表示900 秒内如果至少有 1 个 key 的值变化，则保存；
save 300 10：表示300 秒内如果至少有 10 个 key 的值变化，则保存；
save 60 10000：表示60 秒内如果至少有 10000 个 key 的值变化，则保存。
如果你只需要使用Redis的缓存功能，不需要持久化，只需要注释掉所有的save行即可。

stop-writes-on-bgsave-error： 默认值为 yes。如果RDB快照开启，并且最近的一次快照保存失败了，Redis会拒绝接收更新操作，以此来提醒用户数据持久化失败了，否则这些更新的数据可能会丢失。

rdbcompression：是否启用RDB快照文件压缩存储，默认是开启的，当数据量特别大时，压缩可以节省硬盘空间，但是会增加CPU消耗，可以选择关闭来节省CPU资源，建议开启。

rdbchecksum：文件校验，默认开启。在Redis 5.0版本后，新增了校验功能，用于保证文件的完整性。开启这个选项会增加10%左右的性能损耗，如果追求高性能，可以关闭该选项。

dbfilename ：RDB文件名，默认为 dump.rdb

rdb-del-sync-files： Redis主从全量同步时，通过RDB文件传输实现。如果没有开启持久化，同步完成后，是否要移除主从同步的RDB文件，默认为no。

dir：存放RDB和AOF持久化文件的目录 默认为当前目录

（2）手动触发
Redis手动触发RDB持久化的命令有两种：
1）save ：该命令会阻塞Redis主进程，在save持久化期间，Redis不能响应处理其他命令，这段时间Redis不可用，可能造成业务的停摆，直至RDB过程完成。一般不用。
2）bgsave：会在主进程fork出子进程进行RDB的持久化。阻塞只发生在fork阶段，而大key会导致fork时间增长。

2.3 RDB和AOF混用

RDB借鉴了aof_rewrite的思路，就是rbd文件写完，再把重写缓冲区的数据，追加到rbd文件的末尾，追加的这部分数据的格式是AOF的命令格式，这就是rdb_aof的混用。

2.4 三种持久化方式比较

1. AOF 优点：数据可靠，丢失少；缺点：AOF 文件大，恢复速度慢；
2. RDB 优点：RDB文件体积小，数据恢复快。缺点：无法做到实时/秒级持久化，会丢失最后一次快照后的所有数据。每次bgsave运行都需要fork进程，主进程和子进程共享一份内存空间，主进程在继续处理客户端命令时，采用的时写时复制技术，只有修改的那部分内存会重新复制出一份，更新页表指向。复制出的那部分，会导致内存膨胀。具体膨胀的程度，取决于主进程修改的比例有多大。注意：子进程只是读取数据，并不修改内存中的数据。

三、 什么是大key？大key对持久化的影响

3.1 什么是大key

redis 是kv 中的v站用了大量的空间。比如当v的类型是hash、zset，并且里面存储了大量的元素，这个v对应的key就是大key。

3.2 fork进程写时复制原理

在Redis主进程中调用fork()函数，创建出子进程。这个子进程在fork()函数返回时，跟主进程的状态是一模一样的。包括mm_struct和页表。此时，他们的页表都被标记为私有的写时复制状态（只读状态）。当某个进程试图写某个数据页时，会触发写保护，内核会重新为该进程映射一段内存，供其读写，并将页表指向这个新的数据页。

3.3 面试题：大key对持久化有什么影响？

结合不同的持久化方式回答。fsync压力大，fork时间长。
如果是AOF：always、every second、no aof_rewrite
如果是RDB： rdb_aof

fork是在主进程中执行的，如果fork慢，会影响到主进程的响应。

四、持久化源码分析

4.1 RDB持久化

4.1.1 RDB文件的创建

Redis是通过rdbSave函数来创建RDB文件的，SAVE 和 BGSAVE 会以不同的方式去调用rdbSave。

// src/rdb.c
/* Save the DB on disk. Return C_ERR on error, C_OK on success. */
int rdbSave(char *filename, rdbSaveInfo *rsi) {char tmpfile[256];char cwd[MAXPATHLEN]; /* Current working dir path for error messages. */FILE *fp = NULL;rio rdb;int error = 0;snprintf(tmpfile,256,"temp-%d.rdb", (int) getpid());fp = fopen(tmpfile,"w");if (!fp) {char *cwdp = getcwd(cwd,MAXPATHLEN);serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Failed opening the RDB file %s (in server root dir %s) ""for saving: %s",filename,cwdp ? cwdp : "unknown",strerror(errno));return C_ERR;}rioInitWithFile(&rdb,fp);startSaving(RDBFLAGS_NONE);if (server.rdb_save_incremental_fsync)rioSetAutoSync(&rdb,REDIS_AUTOSYNC_BYTES);if (rdbSaveRio(&rdb,&error,RDBFLAGS_NONE,rsi) == C_ERR) {errno = error;goto werr;}/* Make sure data will not remain on the OS's output buffers */if (fflush(fp)) goto werr;if (fsync(fileno(fp))) goto werr;if (fclose(fp)) { fp = NULL; goto werr; }fp = NULL;/* Use RENAME to make sure the DB file is changed atomically only* if the generate DB file is ok. */if (rename(tmpfile,filename) == -1) {char *cwdp = getcwd(cwd,MAXPATHLEN);serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Error moving temp DB file %s on the final ""destination %s (in server root dir %s): %s",tmpfile,filename,cwdp ? cwdp : "unknown",strerror(errno));unlink(tmpfile);stopSaving(0);return C_ERR;}serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"DB saved on disk");server.dirty = 0;server.lastsave = time(NULL);server.lastbgsave_status = C_OK;stopSaving(1);return C_OK;werr:serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Write error saving DB on disk: %s", strerror(errno));if (fp) fclose(fp);unlink(tmpfile);stopSaving(0);return C_ERR;
}

SAVE命令，在Redis主线程中执行，如果save时间太长会影响Redis的性能。

void saveCommand(client *c) {// 如果已经有子进程在进行RDB持久化if (server.child_type == CHILD_TYPE_RDB) {addReplyError(c,"Background save already in progress");return;}rdbSaveInfo rsi, *rsiptr;rsiptr = rdbPopulateSaveInfo(&rsi);// 持久化if (rdbSave(server.rdb_filename,rsiptr) == C_OK) {addReply(c,shared.ok);} else {addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.err);}
}

BGSAVE命令是通过执行rdbSaveBackground函数，可以看到rdbSave的调用时在子进程中。在BGSAVE执行期间，客户端发送的SAVE命令会被拒绝，禁止SAVE和BGSAVE同时执行，主要时为了防止主进程和子进程同时执行rdbSave，产生竞争；同理，也不能同时执行两个BGSAVE，也会产生竞争条件。

/* BGSAVE [SCHEDULE] */
void bgsaveCommand(client *c) {int schedule = 0;/* The SCHEDULE option changes the behavior of BGSAVE when an AOF rewrite* is in progress. Instead of returning an error a BGSAVE gets scheduled. */if (c->argc > 1) {if (c->argc == 2 && !strcasecmp(c->argv[1]->ptr,"schedule")) {schedule = 1;} else {addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);return;}}rdbSaveInfo rsi, *rsiptr;rsiptr = rdbPopulateSaveInfo(&rsi);if (server.child_type == CHILD_TYPE_RDB) {addReplyError(c,"Background save already in progress");} else if (hasActiveChildProcess()) {if (schedule) {server.rdb_bgsave_scheduled = 1;addReplyStatus(c,"Background saving scheduled");} else {addReplyError(c,"Another child process is active (AOF?): can't BGSAVE right now. ""Use BGSAVE SCHEDULE in order to schedule a BGSAVE whenever ""possible.");}} else if (rdbSaveBackground(server.rdb_filename,rsiptr) == C_OK) {addReplyStatus(c,"Background saving started");} else {addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.err);}
}int rdbSaveBackground(char *filename, rdbSaveInfo *rsi) {pid_t childpid;if (hasActiveChildProcess()) return C_ERR;server.dirty_before_bgsave = server.dirty;server.lastbgsave_try = time(NULL);// 子进程if ((childpid = redisFork(CHILD_TYPE_RDB)) == 0) {int retval;/* Child */redisSetProcTitle("redis-rdb-bgsave");redisSetCpuAffinity(server.bgsave_cpulist);retval = rdbSave(filename,rsi);if (retval == C_OK) {sendChildCowInfo(CHILD_INFO_TYPE_RDB_COW_SIZE, "RDB");}exitFromChild((retval == C_OK) ? 0 : 1);} else {/* Parent */if (childpid == -1) {server.lastbgsave_status = C_ERR;serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Can't save in background: fork: %s",strerror(errno));return C_ERR;}serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"Background saving started by pid %ld",(long) childpid);server.rdb_save_time_start = time(NULL);server.rdb_child_type = RDB_CHILD_TYPE_DISK;return C_OK;}return C_OK; /* unreached */
}

4.1.2 RDB文件的载入

Redis通过rdbLoad函数完成RDB文件的载入工作。Redis服务器在RDB的载入过程中会一直阻塞，直到完成加载。

int rdbLoad(char *filename, rdbSaveInfo *rsi, int rdbflags) {FILE *fp;rio rdb;int retval;if ((fp = fopen(filename,"r")) == NULL) return C_ERR;startLoadingFile(fp, filename,rdbflags);rioInitWithFile(&rdb,fp);retval = rdbLoadRio(&rdb,rdbflags,rsi);fclose(fp);stopLoading(retval==C_OK);return retval;
}

4.2 AOF持久化

4.2.1 AOF持久化实现

1. AOF命令追加：当Redis服务器执行完一个写命令后，会将该命令以协议格式追加到aof_buf缓冲区的末尾
2. AOF文件的写入和同步：Redis服务是单线程的，主要在一个事件循环（event loop）中循环。Redis中事件分为文件事件和时间事件，文件事件负责接收客户端的命令请求和给客户端回复数据，时间事件负责执行定时任务。在一次的事件循环结束之前，都会调用flushAppendOnlyFile函数，该函数会根据redis.conf配置文件中的持久化策略决定何时将aof_buf缓冲区中的命令数据写入的AOF文件。

4.2.2 源码分析

// src/server.h
/* Append only defines */
#define AOF_FSYNC_NO 0
#define AOF_FSYNC_ALWAYS 1
#define AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC 2// src/aof.c
void flushAppendOnlyFile(int force) {ssize_t nwritten;int sync_in_progress = 0;mstime_t latency;// 如果当前aof_buf缓冲区为空if (sdslen(server.aof_buf) == 0) {/* Check if we need to do fsync even the aof buffer is empty,* because previously in AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC mode, fsync is* called only when aof buffer is not empty, so if users* stop write commands before fsync called in one second,* the data in page cache cannot be flushed in time. */if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC &&server.aof_fsync_offset != server.aof_current_size &&server.unixtime > server.aof_last_fsync &&!(sync_in_progress = aofFsyncInProgress())) {goto try_fsync;} else {return;}}if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC)sync_in_progress = aofFsyncInProgress();if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC && !force) {/* With this append fsync policy we do background fsyncing.* If the fsync is still in progress we can try to delay* the write for a couple of seconds. */if (sync_in_progress) {if (server.aof_flush_postponed_start == 0) {/* No previous write postponing, remember that we are* postponing the flush and return. */server.aof_flush_postponed_start = server.unixtime;return;} else if (server.unixtime - server.aof_flush_postponed_start < 2) {/* We were already waiting for fsync to finish, but for less* than two seconds this is still ok. Postpone again. */return;}/* Otherwise fall trough, and go write since we can't wait* over two seconds. */server.aof_delayed_fsync++;serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"Asynchronous AOF fsync is taking too long (disk is busy?). Writing the AOF buffer without waiting for fsync to complete, this may slow down Redis.");}}/* We want to perform a single write. This should be guaranteed atomic* at least if the filesystem we are writing is a real physical one.* While this will save us against the server being killed I don't think* there is much to do about the whole server stopping for power problems* or alike */if (server.aof_flush_sleep && sdslen(server.aof_buf)) {usleep(server.aof_flush_sleep);}latencyStartMonitor(latency);nwritten = aofWrite(server.aof_fd,server.aof_buf,sdslen(server.aof_buf));latencyEndMonitor(latency);/* We want to capture different events for delayed writes:* when the delay happens with a pending fsync, or with a saving child* active, and when the above two conditions are missing.* We also use an additional event name to save all samples which is* useful for graphing / monitoring purposes. */if (sync_in_progress) {latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-write-pending-fsync",latency);} else if (hasActiveChildProcess()) {latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-write-active-child",latency);} else {latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-write-alone",latency);}latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-write",latency);/* We performed the write so reset the postponed flush sentinel to zero. */server.aof_flush_postponed_start = 0;if (nwritten != (ssize_t)sdslen(server.aof_buf)) {static time_t last_write_error_log = 0;int can_log = 0;/* Limit logging rate to 1 line per AOF_WRITE_LOG_ERROR_RATE seconds. */if ((server.unixtime - last_write_error_log) > AOF_WRITE_LOG_ERROR_RATE) {can_log = 1;last_write_error_log = server.unixtime;}/* Log the AOF write error and record the error code. */if (nwritten == -1) {if (can_log) {serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Error writing to the AOF file: %s",strerror(errno));server.aof_last_write_errno = errno;}} else {if (can_log) {serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Short write while writing to ""the AOF file: (nwritten=%lld, ""expected=%lld)",(long long)nwritten,(long long)sdslen(server.aof_buf));}if (ftruncate(server.aof_fd, server.aof_current_size) == -1) {if (can_log) {serverLog(LL_WARNING, "Could not remove short write ""from the append-only file.  Redis may refuse ""to load the AOF the next time it starts.  ""ftruncate: %s", strerror(errno));}} else {/* If the ftruncate() succeeded we can set nwritten to* -1 since there is no longer partial data into the AOF. */nwritten = -1;}server.aof_last_write_errno = ENOSPC;}/* Handle the AOF write error. */if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_ALWAYS) {/* We can't recover when the fsync policy is ALWAYS since the reply* for the client is already in the output buffers (both writes and* reads), and the changes to the db can't be rolled back. Since we* have a contract with the user that on acknowledged or observed* writes are is synced on disk, we must exit. */serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Can't recover from AOF write error when the AOF fsync policy is 'always'. Exiting...");exit(1);} else {/* Recover from failed write leaving data into the buffer. However* set an error to stop accepting writes as long as the error* condition is not cleared. */server.aof_last_write_status = C_ERR;/* Trim the sds buffer if there was a partial write, and there* was no way to undo it with ftruncate(2). */if (nwritten > 0) {server.aof_current_size += nwritten;sdsrange(server.aof_buf,nwritten,-1);}return; /* We'll try again on the next call... */}} else {/* Successful write(2). If AOF was in error state, restore the* OK state and log the event. */if (server.aof_last_write_status == C_ERR) {serverLog(LL_WARNING,"AOF write error looks solved, Redis can write again.");server.aof_last_write_status = C_OK;}}server.aof_current_size += nwritten;/* Re-use AOF buffer when it is small enough. The maximum comes from the* arena size of 4k minus some overhead (but is otherwise arbitrary). */if ((sdslen(server.aof_buf)+sdsavail(server.aof_buf)) < 4000) {sdsclear(server.aof_buf);} else {sdsfree(server.aof_buf);server.aof_buf = sdsempty();}try_fsync:/* Don't fsync if no-appendfsync-on-rewrite is set to yes and there are* children doing I/O in the background. */if (server.aof_no_fsync_on_rewrite && hasActiveChildProcess())return;/* Perform the fsync if needed. */if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_ALWAYS) {/* redis_fsync is defined as fdatasync() for Linux in order to avoid* flushing metadata. */latencyStartMonitor(latency);/* Let's try to get this data on the disk. To guarantee data safe when* the AOF fsync policy is 'always', we should exit if failed to fsync* AOF (see comment next to the exit(1) after write error above). */if (redis_fsync(server.aof_fd) == -1) {serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Can't persist AOF for fsync error when the ""AOF fsync policy is 'always': %s. Exiting...", strerror(errno));exit(1);}latencyEndMonitor(latency);latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-fsync-always",latency);server.aof_fsync_offset = server.aof_current_size;server.aof_last_fsync = server.unixtime;} else if ((server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC &&server.unixtime > server.aof_last_fsync)) {if (!sync_in_progress) {aof_background_fsync(server.aof_fd);server.aof_fsync_offset = server.aof_current_size;}server.aof_last_fsync = server.unixtime;}
}