一、个人博客网站模块划分

常见的博客网站的模块有：首页、文章摘要，导航、点击加载更多、分页、友情链接、推荐文章、文章的点赞、收藏、分享、评论等等。我们可以根据自己的需求来定制一些功能，实现其中的一部分功能来开发个人博客。

具体的模块划分思维导图

此思维导图用processon所绘制，喜欢的小伙伴可微信扫码注册登录，然后就可以免费使用啦，免费的基本上足够使用了。可下载图片、加载和保存为xmind文件等

个人博客实体关系图(自带的mermaid绘制)

博客功能需求划分

二、apps models.py 的编写

根据实体关系图和业务逻辑分析，来创建出三个应用：blog(博客部分)，blog_config(博客设置部分)和comments(评论部分)

2.1 apps的创建和注册

# 创建app
python manage.py startapp blog
python manage.py startapp blog_config
python manage.py startapp comments

# 注册应用
# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = ['django.contrib.admin','django.contrib.auth','django.contrib.contenttypes','django.contrib.sessions','django.contrib.messages','django.contrib.staticfiles','blog','blog_config','comments',
]

2.2 相关apps 编写

2.2.1 blog应用编写

blog ==> models.py：编写数据表

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
# Create your models here.class Category(models.Model):"""分类"""# 自定义选择项，因为是固定好的，因此定义为元组，里面也是元组STATUS_ITEMS = ((1, "正常"),(0, "删除"),)# ID：Django可以自动创建# id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)# name：名称，一般不需要写太长name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name="名称")# status：状态，是一个自定义选择项choices，需要提前设置好；不需要每次都进行选择，因此设置一个默认值1为有效status = models.IntegerField(choices=STATUS_ITEMS, default=1, verbose_name="状态")# owner：作者，使用的是网站创建的超级管理员，应该是一个外键，与网站的User用户相关联，因此需要导入网站的User# on_delete=models.CASCADE，级联删除，删除时对应的User所有也被删除owner = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, verbose_name="作者")# is_nav：是否设置导航栏，因为不需要每次新增一个都设置导航，因此默认设置为 Falseis_nav = models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name="是否为导航")# created_time：创建时间，以当前时间为准created_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, verbose_name="创建时间")def __str__(self):# 设置一个返回值，目的是方便创建后台时返回一个值，便于判断return self.nameclass Meta:verbose_name = '分类'verbose_name_plural = '分类'class Tag(models.Model):"""标签"""# 自定义选择项，因为是固定好的，因此定义为元组，里面也是元组STATUS_ITEMS = ((1, "正常"),(0, "删除"),)# ID，Django可以默认创建# name：名称name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name="名称")# status：状态status = models.IntegerField(choices=STATUS_ITEMS, default=1, verbose_name="状态")# owner：作者owner = models.ForeignKey(User, verbose_name="作者", on_delete=models.CASCADE)# created_time：创建时间created_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, verbose_name="创建时间")def __str__(self):return self.nameclass Meta:verbose_name = verbose_name_plural = '标签'class Post(models.Model):"""文章"""#     ID# 标题:titletitle = models.CharField(max_length=350, verbose_name="标题")# 作者:ownerowner = models.ForeignKey(User, verbose_name="作者", on_delete=models.CASCADE)# 分类（多对一）:categorycategory = models.ForeignKey(Category, verbose_name="分类", on_delete=models.CASCADE)# 标签（多对多）:tagstag = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, verbose_name="标签")# 摘要:descriptiondescription = models.CharField(max_length=1024, verbose_name="摘要")# 正文:contentcontent = models.TextField(verbose_name="正文")# 状态（草稿，发布，删除）:status# 自定义选择项，因为是固定好的，因此定义为元组，里面也是元组STATUS_ITEMS = ((1, "正常"),(0, "删除"),(2, "草稿"),)status = models.IntegerField(choices=STATUS_ITEMS, default=2, verbose_name="状态")# 发布时间:created_timecreated_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, verbose_name="创建时间")def __str__(self):return self.titleclass Meta:verbose_name = verbose_name_plural = '文章'

blog ==> admin.py：编写后台管理

• ① 先不写，后面根据需求编写

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Category, Tag, Post
# Register your models here.@admin.register(Category)
class CategoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):# list_display = ("title", "create_time", "count")pass@admin.register(Tag)
class TagAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):# list_display = ("title", "create_time", "count")pass@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):# list_display = ("title", "create_time", "count")pass

• ② 待写，第三节

2.2.2 blog_config应用编写

blog_config ==> models.py：编写数据表

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
# Create your models here.class Link(models.Model):"""友情链接"""#     ID# 网站名称:titletitle = models.CharField(max_length=50,verbose_name="网站名称")# 链接:hrefhref = models.URLField(verbose_name="链接")# 作者:ownerowner = models.ForeignKey(User, verbose_name="作者", on_delete=models.CASCADE)# 状态:statusSTARUS_ITEMS = ((1, "正常"),(0, "删除"),)status = models.IntegerField(choices=STARUS_ITEMS,default=1,verbose_name="状态")# 创建时间:created_timecreated_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name="创建时间",auto_now=True)# 权重:weightweight = models.IntegerField(choices=zip(range(1,11),range(1,11)),default=1,verbose_name="权重")def __str__(self):return self.titleclass Meta:verbose_name = verbose_name_plural = '友情链接'class SideBar(models.Model):"""侧边栏"""# ID# 标题:titletitle = models.CharField(max_length=50,verbose_name="标题")# 展示类型:display_type    # 最新文章 最热文章 最近评论TYPE_ITEMS = ((1, "HTML"),(2, "最新文章"),(3, "最热文章"),(4, "最近评论"),)display_type = models.IntegerField(choices=TYPE_ITEMS,default=1,verbose_name="展示类型")# 状态:statusSTARUS_ITEMS = ((1, "展示"),(0, "隐藏"),)status = models.IntegerField(choices=STARUS_ITEMS,default=1,verbose_name="状态")# 内容:contentcontent = models.CharField(max_length=500,verbose_name="内容")# 创建时间:created_timecreated_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name="创建时间",auto_now=True)# 作者:ownerowner = models.ForeignKey(User, verbose_name="作者", on_delete=models.CASCADE)def __str__(self):return self.titleclass Meta:verbose_name = verbose_name_plural = '侧边栏'

blog_config ==> admin.py：编写后台管理

• ① 先不写，后面根据需求编写

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Link,SideBar
# Register your models here.@admin.register(Link)
class LinkAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):# list_display = ("title", "create_time", "count")pass@admin.register(SideBar)
class SideBarAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):# list_display = ("title", "create_time", "count")pass

• ② 待写，第三节

2.2.3 comments应用编写

comments ==> models.py：编写数据表

from django.db import models
from blog.models import Post
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
# Create your models here.class Comment(models.Model):""" 评论 """#     ID# 文章（多对一）:targettarget = models.ForeignKey(Post, verbose_name="评论目标", on_delete=models.CASCADE)# 用户名:nickname，这里不需要做用户，留名字即可nickname = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name="用户名")# 邮箱:emailemail = models.EmailField(verbose_name="邮箱")# 网站地址:websitewebsite = models.URLField(verbose_name="网站地址")# 内容:contentcontent = models.TextField(verbose_name="评论内容")# 创建时间:created_timecreated_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name="评论时间", auto_now=True)def __str__(self):return f'{self.target} by {self.nickname}'class Meta:verbose_name = verbose_name_plural = '评论'

comments ==> admin.py：编写数据表

• ① 先不写，后面根据需求写

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Comment
# Register your models here.@admin.register(Comment)
class CommentsAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):pass

• ② 待写 ，第三节

2.3 生成数据表

• 设置好MySQL配置后，执行数据迁移命了

# config ==> settings.py
DATABASES = {'default': {'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql','NAME': 'blog','USER': 'blog','PASSWORD':'123456','HOST':'192.168.31.130','PORT':'3306'}
}

# 迁移命令
python manage.py makemigrations 
python manage.py migrate

• 成功结果

(pyenv) forget@ubuntu:~/Desktop/DjangoDemo/MyBlog$ python manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for 'blog':blog/migrations/0001_initial.py- Create model Category- Create model Tag- Create model Post
Migrations for 'blog_config':blog_config/migrations/0001_initial.py- Create model SideBar- Create model Link
Migrations for 'comments':comments/migrations/0001_initial.py- Create model Comment
****************************************************
(pyenv) forget@ubuntu:~/Desktop/DjangoDemo/MyBlog$ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:Apply all migrations: admin, auth, blog, blog_config, comments, contenttypes, sessions
Running migrations:Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OKApplying auth.0001_initial... OKApplying admin.0001_initial... OKApplying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OKApplying admin.0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices... OKApplying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OKApplying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OKApplying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OKApplying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OKApplying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OKApplying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OKApplying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OKApplying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OKApplying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OKApplying auth.0010_alter_group_name_max_length... OKApplying auth.0011_update_proxy_permissions... OKApplying auth.0012_alter_user_first_name_max_length... OKApplying blog.0001_initial... OKApplying blog_config.0001_initial... OKApplying comments.0001_initial... OKApplying sessions.0001_initial... OK
(pyenv) forget@ubuntu:~/Desktop/DjangoDemo/MyBlog$ 

2.4 启动服务

可能8000窗口会被其它占用，因此可另用不常用端口打开如7777

(pyenv) forget@ubuntu:~/Desktop/DjangoDemo/MyBlog$ python manage.py runserver 127.0.0.1:7777
Watching for file changes with StatReloader
Performing system checks...System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
July 03, 2021 - 02:44:18
Django version 3.2.4, using settings 'config.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:7777/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
[03/Jul/2021 02:44:20] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 10633
[03/Jul/2021 02:44:21] "GET /static/admin/css/fonts.css HTTP/1.1" 200 423
[03/Jul/2021 02:44:21] "GET /static/admin/fonts/Roboto-Bold-webfont.woff HTTP/1.1" 200 86184
[03/Jul/2021 02:44:21] "GET /static/admin/fonts/Roboto-Light-webfont.woff HTTP/1.1" 200 85692
[03/Jul/2021 02:44:21] "GET /static/admin/fonts/Roboto-Regular-webfont.woff HTTP/1.1" 200 85876
Not Found: /favicon.ico
[03/Jul/2021 02:44:21] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 2110

• 登录admin，查看和分析管理后台各表对应的类型

三、apps admin.py 的修改

将不太符合自己的平时习惯，通过一些自定义方法将其改变

• list_display：模型首页字段显示修改，
• fields：模型详情字段显示修改

• 外键约束一般为必选，需要在fields中加上显示出来，否则需要设置默认值才可
• save_model方法：用于修改模型的默认值，可避免其它用户修改一些内容作为自己的，修改后可以在fields中不添加。如修改发布文章的作者，通过设置为默认当前用户，其他人就不可以再去更改作者
• 更多方法参考：Django admin 一些有用的设置

3.1 blog应用编写

blog ==> admin.py：改写CategoryAdmin

@admin.register(Category)
class CategoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):"""# 添加新的参数"""# step1 定义字段函数def post_count(self, obj):# obj.post_set.count() 意思就是从post表中查询出关于category的分类情况，# 然后通过count函数来对查询各个类别的文章进行统计return f"共{obj.post_set.count()}篇"# step2 修改别名为中文post_count.short_description = "文章数"# 设置模型首页显示的字段，若需要设置新的参数，直接添加函数名即可list_display = ("name", "status", "owner", "is_nav","post_count", "created_time")# 设置模型详情显示的字段内容fields = ("name", "status", "is_nav",)# 字段默认值设置方法def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):obj.owner = request.user# print(request.user)return super(CategoryAdmin, self).save_model(request, obj, form, change)

blog ==> admin.py：改写TagAdmin

@admin.register(Tag)
class TagAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display = ("name","owner","created_time","status",)exclude = ("owner",)# 字段默认值设置方法def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):obj.owner = request.user# print(request.user)return super(TagAdmin, self).save_model(request, obj, form, change)

blog ==> admin.py：改写PostAdmin

@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display = ("title", "category", "owner", "status",)exclude = ("owner",)  # 作用与 fields 相反，不显示以下字段"""# 模型首页动作编辑顶部显示与底部显示，数据量多时可上下都添加"""actions_on_top = True  # 默认Trueactions_on_bottom = True  # 默认False"""# 模型详情编辑修改顶部与底部的显示"""save_on_top = True  # 默认Falsesave_on_bottom = True  # 默认True""" 添加查询搜索框 """# search_fields = ("title",) # 添加单个# 涉及外键时，取得话需要加__name# name也可以是其它的字段，如查is_nav字段category__is_navsearch_fields = ("title", "category__name")# 字段默认值设置方法def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):obj.owner = request.user# print(request.user)return super(PostAdmin, self).save_model(request, obj, form, change)

3.2 blog_config应用编写

blog_config ==> admin.py：改写LinkAdmin

@admin.register(Link)
class LinkAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display = ("title","owner","href","status","created_time","weight",)exclude = ("owner",)# 字段默认值设置方法def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):obj.owner = request.user# print(request.user)return super(LinkAdmin, self).save_model(request, obj, form, change)

blog_config ==> admin.py：改写SideBarAdmin

@admin.register(SideBar)
class SideBarAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display = ("title","owner","display_type","status","created_time")exclude = ("owner",)# 字段默认值设置方法def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):obj.owner = request.user# print(request.user)return super(LinkAdmin, self).save_model(request, obj, form, change)

3.3 comments应用编写

comments ==> admin.py：改写commentAdmin

@admin.register(Comment)
class CommentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display = ("target","nickname","email","website","created_time")