python语言思想

python语言基础与应用
超级计算器
在这里插入图片描述
python语言解释器
为啥选用PYCHARM

create new project:
NANE+ 选择解释器
open ，选择打开文件或者加入project

注意对齐与缩进
注意字母大小写、空格
注意左右括号配对

错误是常见的，跟BUG和缺陷斗争得到过程
观察代码文本要求：注意上述的注意事项

对数据的抽象，对问题的处理采用的是对数据的抽象，避免处理其他杂糅的数据
何为大数据：
在这里插入图片描述
大数据分析处理语言
多种多样的数据类型
简单类型用来表示值
容器类型用来组织这些值

何为计算：
对现实世界处理和过程的抽象
控制流语句
定义语句：把一系列语句集合起来起一个名字描述了一个包含一系列处理过程的计算单元标签
基本类型：数值
整数类型：
双大小比较号为比较判断得到逻辑值真或假
是很遵循数学逻辑
数的进制所谓进制 9>0变两位加1 为10
整数的各种进制表示
0b 0o 0x
浮点数收到17位有限数字的限制
科学计数法：2.3*10^5
有效数字为2位
在这里插入图片描述
除了内置数学
还有math模块面向整数浮点数
cmath 面向复数
基本类型：逻辑值
逻辑运算：双目运算：与 and 或or ，
单目运算：非not：
优先级not最高 and ，or最低
关于优先级往往会用括号进行提示，并非读代码人员运用所掌握的优先级方法转换
在这里插入图片描述
not None 变为真
字符数据类型：
三个连续单引号表示多行字符串也就是包含了换行的位
转移符号：

字符串有哪些操作？：
小于0 的反方向编号

字符串是数据的本身
名字是数据的标签
名字和字符串是“名”与“值”之间的关系
常见的字符串操作：
在这里插入图片描述

序列：
字符串是一种序列

给数据的命名：

名字与变量
名字像一个标签
名字和数值之间的关联称为引用

设么是变量、何为变量？
与数值关联的名字也称作变量，

python语言是动态的语言
可以随时指向任何的类型，其他常见语言都是静态的
何为赋值？名字与数值关联的过程，称为给变量赋值，数值也称为数据对象
在这里插入图片描述
python 是语言大师创造的语言

上机练习时间：

要更注意错误，需要学会看错误，

Python 3.8.0 (tags/v3.8.0:fa919fd, Oct 14 2019, 19:37:50) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 4.2+2.1==6.3
False
>>> print（4.2+2.1）File "<stdin>", line 1print（4.2+2.1）^
SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier
>>> print(4+1)
5
>>> 4.2+2.1
6.300000000000001
>>> 1+3j
(1+3j)
>>> (1+2j).real
1.0
>>> (1+2j).imag
2.0
>>> import math
>>> dir(math)
['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'comb', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'dist', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'isqrt', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'perm', 'pi', 'pow', 'prod', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']
>>> h=88
>>> m=g="dd"
>>> m
'dd'
>>> g
'dd'
>>> h
88
>>> type(h)
<class 'int'>
>>> type (m)
<class 'str'>
>>> len(m)
2
>>> n="qwertyuiop"
>>> n[1:6]
'werty'
>>> n*2
'qwertyuiopqwertyuiop'
>>> c=n*2
>>> c
'qwertyuiopqwertyuiop'
>>> c.isalpha
<built-in method isalpha of str object at 0x000001A0A09619E0>
>>> h.isdigit
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'isdigit'
>>> n=" ppq"
>>> c=n*3
>>> c
' ppq ppq ppq'
>>> c.split('')
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: empty separator
>>> c.split(' ')
['', 'ppq', 'ppq', 'ppq']
>>> me="how are you, i an fine thankyou"
>>> me.split(" ")
['how', 'are', 'you,', 'i', 'an', 'fine', 'thankyou']
>>>  me[1]File "<stdin>", line 1me[1]^
IndentationError: unexpected indent
>>> me[1:]
'ow are you, i an fine thankyou'
>>> me[1;2]File "<stdin>", line 1me[1;2]^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> me[1:2]
'o'
>>> me[-1:-3]
''
>>> me[1:10]
'ow are yo'
>>> me[-3：-1]File "<stdin>", line 1me[-3：-1]^
SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier
>>> me[-1:-3:1]
''
>>> me[-1:-10]
''
>>> me.upper
<built-in method upper of str object at 0x000001A0A0961940>
>>> me.upper()
'HOW ARE YOU, I AN FINE THANKYOU'
>>> "+++".join(me)
'h+++o+++w+++ +++a+++r+++e+++ +++y+++o+++u+++,+++ +++i+++ +++a+++n+++ +++f+++i+++n+++e+++ +++t+++h+++a+++n+++k+++y+++o+++u'
>>> "+".join(me,c,"nihaoma")
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: join() takes exactly one argument (3 given)
>>> "+".join(me,c)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: join() takes exactly one argument (2 given)
>>> "+".join([me,c])
'how are you, i an fine thankyou+ ppq ppq ppq'
>>> "".join(["123456789"])
'123456789'
>>> "+".join("123456789")
'1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9'
>>> "+".join(["111"])
'111'
>>> me[0]
'h'
>>> me[-1]
'u'
>>> me[1]
'o'
>>> me[2]
'w'
>>> me.in("h"0File "<stdin>", line 1me.in("h"0^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> me.in("h")File "<stdin>", line 1me.in("h")^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> me.in"h"File "<stdin>", line 1me.in"h"^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> me.in(h)File "<stdin>", line 1me.in(h)^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> hex(33)
'0x21'
>>> oct(7)
'0o7'
>>> bin(7)
'0b111'
>>> 1.str()File "<stdin>", line 11.str()^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> str(1)
'1'
>>> int("abc")
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'abc'
>>> int(abc)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'abc' is not defined
>>> int(1)
1
>>> float(1)
1.0
>>> double(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'double' is not defined
>>> str(False)
'False'
>>> bool(1)
True
>>> bool(False)
False
>>> bool(false)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'false' is not defined
>>> int(sbc)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'sbc' is not defined
>>> 1 is None
<stdin>:1: SyntaxWarning: "is" with a literal. Did you mean "=="?
False
>>> 1 is None
<stdin>:1: SyntaxWarning: "is" with a literal. Did you mean "=="?
False
>>> me+c
'how are you, i an fine thankyou ppq ppq ppq'
>>> d=me+c
>>>
>>> d
'how are you, i an fine thankyou ppq ppq ppq'
>>> ord("A")
65
>>> chr("A")
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: an integer is required (got type str)
>>> chr(65)
'A'
>>> chr(64)
'@'
>>> d.inFile "<stdin>", line 1d.in^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> d
'how are you, i an fine thankyou ppq ppq ppq'
>>> "h" in d
True
>>> p in d
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'p' is not defined
>>> "w a" in d
True
>>> "wa"in d
False
>>> ord("猪")
29482
>>> chr(29482)
'猪'
>>> ord(d)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: ord() expected a character, but string of length 43 found
>>> ord("你好")
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: ord() expected a character, but string of length 2 found
>>> len("你好“)File "<stdin>", line 1len("你好“)^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
>>> len("nihao")
5
>>> len("你好")
2
>>> d[1]
'o'
>>> s[-1]
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 's' is not defined
>>> d[-1]
'q'
>>> d[-1:-5]
''
>>> print(d[-1;-5])File "<stdin>", line 1print(d[-1;-5])^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> d[-1:-5:]
''
>>> d[-1:]
'q'
>>> d[-2]
'p'
>>> d[::-1]
'qpp qpp qpp uoyknaht enif na i ,uoy era woh'
>>> d[-1:-5:-1]
'qpp '
>>> d.split(" ")
['how', 'are', 'you,', 'i', 'an', 'fine', 'thankyou', 'ppq', 'ppq', 'ppq']
>>> d.center
<built-in method center of str object at 0x000001A0A08D4BD0>
>>> d.center()
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: center expected at least 1 argument, got 0
>>> center(d)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'center' is not defined
>>> d.center(30)
'how are you, i an fine thankyou ppq ppq ppq'
>>> "ppp".center(10)
'   ppp    '
>>> "ppp".center(100)
'                                                ppp                                                 '
>>> d.replace("how","mememe")
'mememe are you, i an fine thankyou ppq ppq ppq'
>>>
>>>> d.isdigit(
...
...
... )
False
>>> d.isdigit()
False
>>> d.isalpha()
False
>>> d.isalpha(h)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: isalpha() takes no arguments (1 given)
>>> f.isalpha("h")
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'f' is not defined
>>> "123 ".isdigit()
False

数据收纳盒：
面临得需要处理的问题：如何使用? 名字[n]
列表，
元组（不可变序列）
在这里插入图片描述

字符串用“”
列表用[]
元组用()
列表的操作
容器，何为容器？是从简单数据类型引申出来的容器将简单类型数据组织起来

函数reversed不返回列表，而是返回一个迭代器。可使用list将返回的对象转换为列表。
在这里插入图片描述

>>> box["1",1,"a"]
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'box' is not defined
>>> box[1]
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'box' is not defined
>>> box=["ss","1",1]
>>> box
['ss', '1', 1]
>>> len.box
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'builtin_function_or_method' object has no attribute 'box'
>>> box.len
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'len'
>>> me.len
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'len'
>>> len(box)
3
>>> type(box)
<class 'list'>
>>> a1= list(me)
>>> a1
['h', 'o', 'w', ' ', 'a', 'r', 'e', ' ', 'y', 'o', 'u', ',', ' ', 'i', ' ', 'a', 'n', ' ', 'f', 'i', 'n', 'e', ' ', 't', 'h', 'a', 'n', 'k', 'y', 'o', 'u']
>>> print(a1)
['h', 'o', 'w', ' ', 'a', 'r', 'e', ' ', 'y', 'o', 'u', ',', ' ', 'i', ' ', 'a', 'n', ' ', 'f', 'i', 'n', 'e', ' ', 't', 'h', 'a', 'n', 'k', 'y', 'o', 'u']
>>> len(a1)
31
>>> a=["s",3,a1]
>>> a
['s', 3, ['h', 'o', 'w', ' ', 'a', 'r', 'e', ' ', 'y', 'o', 'u', ',', ' ', 'i', ' ', 'a', 'n', ' ', 'f', 'i', 'n', 'e', ' ', 't', 'h', 'a', 'n', 'k', 'y', 'o', 'u']]
>>> a.pop()
['h', 'o', 'w', ' ', 'a', 'r', 'e', ' ', 'y', 'o', 'u', ',', ' ', 'i', ' ', 'a', 'n', ' ', 'f', 'i', 'n', 'e', ' ', 't', 'h', 'a', 'n', 'k', 'y', 'o', 'u']
>>> a.pop
<built-in method pop of list object at 0x000001A0A08C6D40>
>>> a.pop(0)
's'
>>> a
[3]
>>> a.append(a)
>>> a
[3, [...]]
>>> a
[3, [...]]
>>> a.append("aa")
>>> a
[3, [...], 'aa']
>>> a.extend(a)
>>>
>>> a
[3, [...], 'aa', 3, [...], 'aa']
>>> a.insert(2,"ppp")
>>> a
[3, [...], 'ppp', 'aa', 3, [...], 'aa']
>>> a.insert(2,a)
>>> a
[3, [...], [...], 'ppp', 'aa', 3, [...], 'aa']
>>> a.reverse
<built-in method reverse of list object at 0x000001A0A08C6D40>
>>>  a.reverse()File "<stdin>", line 1a.reverse()^
IndentationError: unexpected indent
>>> a.reverse()
>>> a
['aa', [...], 3, 'aa', 'ppp', [...], [...], 3]
>>> a.sort()
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'list' and 'str'
>>> a=[1,2,3]
>>> a.sort()
>>> a
[1, 2, 3]
>>> a.sort(reverse = true)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'true' is not defined
>>> a.sort(reverse = True)
>>> a
[3, 2, 1]
>>> me
'how are you, i an fine thankyou'
>>> b1=list(me)
>>> b1
['h', 'o', 'w', ' ', 'a', 'r', 'e', ' ', 'y', 'o', 'u', ',', ' ', 'i', ' ', 'a', 'n', ' ', 'f', 'i', 'n', 'e', ' ', 't', 'h', 'a', 'n', 'k', 'y', 'o', 'u']
>>> reversed(a)
<list_reverseiterator object at 0x000001A0A046F820>
>>> a
[3, 2, 1]
>>> c1=reversed(a)
>>> c1
<list_reverseiterator object at 0x000001A0A046F820>
>>> a
[3, 2, 1]
>>> a
[3, 2, 1]
>>> c1
<list_reverseiterator object at 0x000001A0A046F820>
>>> c2=list(reversed(c1))
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'list_reverseiterator' object is not reversible
>>> c2
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'c2' is not defined
>>> c2=list(reversed(a))
>>> c2
[1, 2, 3]
>>> c3=list(c2)
>>> c3
[1, 2, 3]
>>> c3=list(c1)
>>> c3
[1, 2, 3]
>>> c4=list(sorted(c3))
>>> c4
[1, 2, 3]
>>> c5=list(c4.reverse())
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not iterable
>>> c4.reverse()
>>> c4
[1, 2, 3]

在这里插入图片描述
报错：
SyntaxError: invalid syntax 语法错误，详解。

在这里插入图片描述

TypeError: extend() takes exactly one argument (2 given)
TypeError：ExpDug（）正好有一个参数（2给出）

AttributeError: ‘str’ object has no attribute ‘sort’
AttributeError:“str”对象没有属性“sort”

在这里插入图片描述

>>> 10**16
10000000000000000
>>> 22/7
3.142857142857143
>>> a=[1,2,3,"sss"]
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 'sss']
>>> len(a)
4
>>> b=list(reversed(a))
>>> b
['sss', 3, 2, 1]
>>> b.pop()
1
>>> b
['sss', 3, 2]
>>> b.pop(0)
'sss'
>>> b
[3, 2]
>>> b.append("qwer")
>>> b
[3, 2, 'qwer']
>>> b.append(a)
>>> b
[3, 2, 'qwer', [1, 2, 3, 'sss']]
>>> b.append(a,c[1])
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'c' is not defined
>>> b.append(b)
>>> b
[3, 2, 'qwer', [1, 2, 3, 'sss'], [...]]
>>> len(b(
... len(b)
... bFile "<stdin>", line 3b^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> b
[3, 2, 'qwer', [1, 2, 3, 'sss'], [...]]
>>> len(b)
5
>>> a.extend()
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: extend() takes exactly one argument (0 given)
>>> s
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 's' is not defined
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 'sss']
>>> a.extend(b)
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]]]
>>> a=("a",1,""," ")
>>> a
('a', 1, '', ' ')
>>> len(a)
4
>>> a.pop(0)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'pop'
>>> a.pop(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'pop'
>>> a
('a', 1, '', ' ')
>>> b
[3, 2, 'qwer', [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]], [...]]
>>> b.pop(1)
2
>>> b
[3, 'qwer', [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]], [...]]
>>> b.reverse()
>>> b
[[...], [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]], 'qwer', 3]
>>> b.remove([])
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
>>> b.remove(3)
>>> b
[[...], [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]], 'qwer']
>>> b.remove("qwer")
>>> b
[[...], [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]]]
>>> b
[[...], [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]]]
>>> b.append("3")
>>> b
[[...], [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]], '3']
>>> b.append(3)
>>> b
[[...], [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]], '3', 3]
>>> b.remove("3")
>>> b
[[...], [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]], 3]
>>> b.remove("3")
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
>>> b.del()File "<stdin>", line 1b.del()^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> b.del(1)File "<stdin>", line 1b.del(1)^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> b.count(3)
1
>>> b.cout([])
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'cout'
>>> b.index(3)
2
>>> len(b)
3
>>> b.append(3,4,5)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: append() takes exactly one argument (3 given)
>>> b.append(3)
>>> b
[[...], [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]], 3, 3]
>>> b.extend(1,2,3)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: extend() takes exactly one argument (3 given)
>>> b.append(b)
>>> b
[[...], [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]], 3, 3, [...]]
>>> b.index(3)
2
>>> b.del(2)File "<stdin>", line 1b.del(2)^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> b.dle(2)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'dle'
>>> del.b[1]File "<stdin>", line 1del.b[1]^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> b
[[...], [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]], 3, 3, [...]]
>>> del.b[2]File "<stdin>", line 1del.b[2]^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> del b[2]
>>> b
[[...], [1, 2, 3, 'sss', 3, 2, 'qwer', [...], [...]], 3, [...]]
>>> del b[1]
>>> b
[[...], 3, [...]]
>>> b
[[...], 3, [...]]
>>> del b[]File "<stdin>", line 1del b[]^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> del b[0]
>>> b
[3, [...]]
>>> b.append("1")
>>> b
[3, [...], '1']
>>> b.append(1)
>>> b
[3, [...], '1', 1]
>>> print (b)
[3, [...], '1', 1]
>>> b
[3, [...], '1', 1]
>>> b.remove(2)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
>>> b.remove(1)
>>> b
[3, [...], '1']
>>> b.index("1")
2
>>> b.sort()
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'list' and 'int'
>>> b.extend(b)
>>> b
[3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1']
>>> b.extend("a")
>>> b
[3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a']
>>> b.extend(z)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'z' is not defined
>>> b.extend(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
>>> b.extend(b,b)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: extend() takes exactly one argument (2 given)
>>> b.extend(b)
>>> b
[3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a']
>>> len(b)
14
>>> b.del(0S)File "<stdin>", line 1b.del(0S)^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> b.del(0)File "<stdin>", line 1b.del(0)^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> b.del(0)File "<stdin>", line 1b.del(0)^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> b.dle(0)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'dle'
>>> del b[1]
>>> b
[3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a']
>>> a=[1,"d"]
>>> c=s+b
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 's' is not defined
>>> c=a+b
>>> c
[1, 'd', 3, '1', 3, [3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a'], '1', 'a', 3, [3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a'], '1', 3, [3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a'], '1', 'a']
>>> a+b
[1, 'd', 3, '1', 3, [3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a'], '1', 'a', 3, [3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a'], '1', 3, [3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a'], '1', 'a']
>>> a+b
[1, 'd', 3, '1', 3, [3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a'], '1', 'a', 3, [3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a'], '1', 3, [3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a'], '1', 'a']
>>> c=(1,2,"s")
>>> c+c
(1, 2, 's', 1, 2, 's')
>>> c*2
(1, 2, 's', 1, 2, 's')
>>> c*3
(1, 2, 's', 1, 2, 's', 1, 2, 's')
>>> print(c*3)
(1, 2, 's', 1, 2, 's', 1, 2, 's')
>>> a="s,1"
>>> a
's,1'
>>> a="a,1,"1","a""File "<stdin>", line 1a="a,1,"1","a""^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> a="a"
>>>
>>> a
'a'
>>> a="a,"1""File "<stdin>", line 1a="a,"1""^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> a="1"
>>> a
'1'
>>> type(a)
<class 'str'>
>>> a="1，\"File "<stdin>", line 1a="1，\"^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
>>> a="1,2,3"
>>> a.sort()
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'sort'
>>> b
[3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a']
>>> b.sort()
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
>>> a
'1,2,3'
>>> a[2]
'2'
>>> a[1,2]
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: string indices must be integers
>>> a
'1,2,3'
>>> a[1]
','
>>> a
'1,2,3'
>>> a[2]
'2'
>>> a
'1,2,3'
>>> a[1]
','
>>> a[0]
'1'
>>> a[3]
','
>>> a[4]
'3'
>>> a
'1,2,3'
>>> a
'1,2,3'
>>> a"0"File "<stdin>", line 1a"0"^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> a
'1,2,3'
>>> type(a)
<class 'str'>
>>> a
'1,2,3'
>>> a=list(a)
>>> a
['1', ',', '2', ',', '3']
>>> a[1]
','
>>> a=str(a)
>>> a
"['1', ',', '2', ',', '3']"
>>> a
"['1', ',', '2', ',', '3']"
>>> type(a)
<class 'str'>
>>> a
"['1', ',', '2', ',', '3']"
>>> a=list(a)
>>> a
['[', "'", '1', "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ',', ' ', "'", '2', "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ',', ' ', "'", '3', "'", ']']
>>> type(a)
<class 'list'>
>>> a[0]
'['
>>> a[0,1]
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not tuple
>>> a
['[', "'", '1', "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ',', ' ', "'", '2', "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ',', ' ', "'", '3', "'", ']']
>>> a[1]
"'"
>>> a.remove(,)File "<stdin>", line 1a.remove(,)^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> a
['[', "'", '1', "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ',', ' ', "'", '2', "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ',', ' ', "'", '3', "'", ']']
>>> a.remove(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
>>> a.remove(2)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
>>> len(a)
25
>>> len([)File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: closing parenthesis ')' does not match opening parenthesis '['
>>> a.remove([)File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: closing parenthesis ')' does not match opening parenthesis '['
>>> del a[0]
>>> a
["'", '1', "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ',', ' ', "'", '2', "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ',', ' ', "'", '3', "'", ']']
>>> a.reverse()
>>> a
[']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '2', "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'"]
>>> a.remove(",")
>>> a
[']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '2', "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'"]
>>> a.remove(')File "<stdin>", line 1a.remove(')^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
>>> a.remove(2)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
>>> a.remove("2")
>>> a
[']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'"]
>>> a.appenda(1,2)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'appenda'
>>> a.append(1,2)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: append() takes exactly one argument (2 given)
>>> a.extend(a,a)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: extend() takes exactly one argument (2 given)
>>> a
[']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'"]
>>> a.extend(a)
>>>
>>> a
[']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'", ']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'"]
>>> len(a)
44
>>> a
[']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'", ']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'"]
>>> a.append(1)
>>> a
[']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'", ']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'", 1]
>>> len(a)
45
>>> p=liat(reversed(a))
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'liat' is not defined
>>> p=list(reversed(a))
>>> p
[1, "'", '1', "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ',', ' ', "'", "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', "'", '3', "'", ']', "'", '1', "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ',', ' ', "'", "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', "'", '3', "'", ']']
>>> a
[']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'", ']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'", 1]
>>> a==b
False
>>> a==p
False
>>> a
[']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'", ']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'", 1]
>>> p
[1, "'", '1', "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ',', ' ', "'", "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', "'", '3', "'", ']', "'", '1', "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ',', ' ', "'", "'", ',', ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', "'", '3', "'", ']']
>>> p=list(reversed(p))
>>> p==a
True
>>> c=3
>>> d=3
>>> c==d
True
>>> e=1+2
>>> e
3
>>> c==e
True
>>> d==e
True
>>> e==3
True
>>> "3" in a
True
>>> a.index(3)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: 3 is not in list
>>> a.index("3")
2
>>> 3 in a
False
>>> sum(1+1)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
>>> sum(c,2)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
>>> c
3
>>> a
[']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'", ']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'", 1]
>>> b
[3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a']
>>> sum(b,1)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
>>> o=[1,2,6]
>>> o
[1, 2, 6]
>>> sum(o,2)
11
>>> max(o)
6
>>> min(o)
1

两个小数相加的和跟确切的值比较输出False

>>> c=6+3
>>> 9==c
True
>>> c==9
True
>>> 4.2+36
40.2
>>> c=3.6+2
>>> d=3+2.6
>>> c==d
True
>>> d=2.2+3.4
>>> c==d
True
>>> print(c)
5.6
>>> 5.6==c
True
>>> 4.2+2==6.2
True
>>> 4.2+2.1==6.3
False
>>> c=6.3
>>> 3.6+2.0
5.6
>>> 3.6+2==5.6
True
>>> 3.6+2.0==5.6
True

字典

在这里插入图片描述
创建一个字典

update用法：

>>> student = dict.fromkeys(a)
>>> student
{']': None, "'": None, '3': None, ' ': None, ',': None, '1': None, 1: None}
>>> school={}
>>> school
{}
>>> school["name:"]="pdsu"
>>> school
{'name:': 'pdsu'}
>>> school["name:"] = o
>>> school
{'name:': [1, 2, 6]}
>>> school.update(num=o)
>>> school
{'name:': [1, 2, 6], 'num': [1, 2, 6]}
>>> school.update(beizhu=student)
>>> school
{'name:': [1, 2, 6], 'num': [1, 2, 6], 'beizhu': {']': None, "'": None, '3': None, ' ': None, ',': None, '1': None, 1: None}}
>>> school.update(small="pp","oo",11,"11")File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
>>> school.update(small="pp")
>>> school
{'name:': [1, 2, 6], 'num': [1, 2, 6], 'beizhu': {']': None, "'": None, '3': None, ' ': None, ',': None, '1': None, 1: None}, 'small': 'pp'}
>>> school.update(big="a",big="b")File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: keyword argument repeated
>>> school.update(big="big",big="aa")File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: keyword argument repeated
>>> school.update(big="aa",ok="aa")
>>> school
{'name:': [1, 2, 6], 'num': [1, 2, 6], 'beizhu': {']': None, "'": None, '3': None, ' ': None, ',': None, '1': None, 1: None}, 'small': 'pp', 'big': 'aa', 'ok': 'aa'}
>>> school.update(qq="l"+1)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
>>> school.update(school)
>>> school
{'name:': [1, 2, 6], 'num': [1, 2, 6], 'beizhu': {']': None, "'": None, '3': None, ' ': None, ',': None, '1': None, 1: None}, 'small': 'pp', 'big': 'aa', 'ok': 'aa'}
>>> a={"pokr":1,"age"=7)File "<stdin>", line 1a={"pokr":1,"age"=7)^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> a={"poke"="c")File "<stdin>", line 1a={"poke"="c")^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> a = {"poke":1,"a":3)File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: closing parenthesis ')' does not match opening parenthesis '{'
>>> a
[']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'", ']', "'", '3', "'", ' ', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", "'", ' ', ',', "'", ',', "'", ' ', ',', "'", '1', "'", 1]
>>> a={"a":1,"b":"1"}
>>> a
{'a': 1, 'b': '1'}
>>> school.update(a)
>>> school
{'name:': [1, 2, 6], 'num': [1, 2, 6], 'beizhu': {']': None, "'": None, '3': None, ' ': None, ',': None, '1': None, 1: None}, 'small': 'pp', 'big': 'aa', 'ok': 'aa', 'a': 1, 'b': '1'}
>>> b
[3, '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a', 3, [...], '1', 3, [...], '1', 'a']
>>> b={66.3:66}
>>> b
{66.3: 66}
>>> school.update(b)
>>> school
{'name:': [1, 2, 6], 'num': [1, 2, 6], 'beizhu': {']': None, "'": None, '3': None, ' ': None, ',': None, '1': None, 1: None}, 'small': 'pp', 'big': 'aa', 'ok': 'aa', 'a': 1, 'b': '1', 66.3: 66}

print易错：

>>> print("school['num']",school["num"])
school['num'] [1, 2, 6]
>>> print("school['num']:",school["num"])
school['num']: [1, 2, 6]
>>> print("''")
''
>>> print('""')
""
>>> print("school['num']:,school["nu"]:",school["num"])File "<stdin>", line 1print("school['num']:,school["nu"]:",school["num"])^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> print("school['num']:,school['s']:",school["num"])
school['num']:,school['s']: [1, 2, 6]
>>>
>>>> student
{'name': 10, 'age': 10}
>>> student
{'name': 10, 'age': 10}
>>> school
{'name:': [1, 2, 6], 'num': [1, 2, 6], 'beizhu': {']': None, "'": None, '3': None, ' ': None, ',': None, '1': None, 1: None}, 'small': 'pp', 'big': 'aa', 'ok': 'aa', 'a': 1, 'b': '1', 66.3: 66, 'type': 3, ']': None, "'": None, '3': None, ' ': None, ',': None, '1': None, 1: None}
>>> student = dict.fromkeys(("ss","ssss"),3)
>>> student = dict.fromkeys(("ss","ssss",ppp),3)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'ppp' is not defined
>>> student = dict.fromkeys(("ss","ssss"),3)
>>> student
{'ss': 3, 'ssss': 3}
>>> student = dict.fromkeys(("ss","ssss",ppp),3)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'ppp' is not defined
>>> student = dict.fromkeys(("ss","ssss","ppp"),3)
>>> student = dict,fromkeys(("aa","'ff'",3),4)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'fromkeys' is not defined
>>> student = dict.fromkeys(("aa","'ff'",3),4)
>>> student
{'aa': 4, "'ff'": 4, 3: 4}

fromkeys使用：元素数量为被命名数量
参数为字符串则字符串内部每个元素都被使用成KEY
参数为列表，元素数量为被命名数量
key的名称类型只能是不可变的数据类型：元组、字符串、数字类型，若所给参数不是不可变类型

>>>student=dict.fromkeys(("name","sex","age"),"none")
{'name': 'none', 'sex': 'none', 'age': 'none'}
>>> example=student.fromkeys("qwer,.?")
>>> example
{'q': None, 'w': None, 'e': None, 'r': None, ',': None, '.': None, '?': None}
>>> p="qwer,.?"
>>> len(p)
7
>>> student.get(("name"))
'wpm'
>>> student
{'sex': '男', 'age': 16, 'name': 'wpm'}
>>> student["name"]="www"
>>> student
{'sex': '男', 'age': 16, 'name': 'www'}
>>> a
('name', 1)
>>> student[a]="nihao world"
>>> student
{'sex': '男', 'age': 16, 'name': 'www', ('name', 1): 'nihao world'}
>>> "男" in student
False
>>> "男" in student.values()
True
>>>>>>