第一种，使用spider爬取
首先选择一个初始的小说链接，例如小说第一章的链接https://www.zwdu.com/book/11029/2297440.html
我爬去的是这个网站，链接中的小说
首先，创建一个项目
scrapy startproject novel
创建spider
scrapy genspider spider https://www.zwdu.com/book/11029/2297440.html
然后开始分析网站，因为该网站小说的链接没有规律，所以我选择通过下一页链接爬取下一章节的内容，然后到了最后一个章节发现最后的下一页链接不包含.html，可以设置一个if语句，来结束爬取。
这是下一章节链接在的地方。可以通过xpath来提取链接
这里是最后一章，链接不包括.html，可以用来作为停止爬取的条件
这里是我爬取的源码
spider.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from scrapy import Request,Spider
import jsonclass SpiderSpider(Spider):name = 'spider'#allowed_domains = ['www.zwdu.com']start_urls = ['https://www.zwdu.com/book/26215/8210673.html']def parse(self, response):title = response.xpath("//h1/text()").extract_first()content = ''.join(response.xpath('//div[@id="content"]/text()').extract()).replace(' ', '\n')yield {'title':title,'content':content}next_url = response.xpath('//div[@class="bottem2"]/a[3]/@href').extract_first()base_url = 'https://www.81zw.com'+next_urlif next_url.find('.html') != -1:yield Request(base_url,callback=self.parse)pipelines.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.htmlclass XiaoshuoPipeline(object):def open_spider(self,spider):self.file = open('xiuzhen.txt','w',encoding='utf-8')def process_item(self, item, spider):title = item['title']content = item['content']info = title + '\n' + content + '\n'self.file.write(info)return itemdef close_spider(self,spider):self.file.close()然后在settings中设置User-Agent，和ItemPipeline，执行scrapy crawl spider即可爬取这个小说。
第二种方法CrawlSpider
创建spider文件，scrapy genspider -t crawl example exampile.com
他使用Rule自动按规则提取链接进行爬取
LinkExtractor（）有两个常用参数
allow：通过正则表达式来匹配
restrict_xpaths：通过xpath来匹配
因为crawlspider不会解析start_urls,所以需要从整个章节目录开始爬取，第一个Rule用来爬取第一章，第二个用来爬取接下来的每一章。解析方法和第一种方法一样，pipelines也不变。
spider2.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Ruleclass ZwwSpider(CrawlSpider):name = 'spider2'#allowed_domains = ['https://www.zwdu.com']start_urls = ['https://www.zwdu.com/book/11029/']rules = (Rule(LinkExtractor(restrict_xpaths=r'//*[@id="list"]/dl/dd[1]/a'), callback='parse_item', follow=True),Rule(LinkExtractor(restrict_xpaths=r'//div[@class="bottem1"]/a[3]'), callback='parse_item', follow=True),)def parse_item(self, response):title = response.xpath("//h1/text()").extract_first()content = ''.join(response.xpath('//div[@id="content"]/text()').extract()).replace(' ', '\n')yield {'title': title,'content': content}pipelines.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.htmlclass XiaoshuoPipeline(object):def open_spider(self,spider):self.file = open('xiuzhen.txt','w',encoding='utf-8')def process_item(self, item, spider):title = item['title']content = item['content']info = title + '\n' + content + '\n'self.file.write(info)return itemdef close_spider(self,spider):self.file.close()settings.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# Scrapy settings for xiaoshuo project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.htmlBOT_NAME = 'xiaoshuo'SPIDER_MODULES = ['xiaoshuo.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'xiaoshuo.spiders'# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36'# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
#DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
#COOKIES_ENABLED = False# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False# Override the default request headers:
#DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
# 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
# 'Accept-Language': 'en',
#}# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
#SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# 'xiaoshuo.middlewares.XiaoshuoSpiderMiddleware': 543,
#}# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# 'xiaoshuo.middlewares.XiaoshuoDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
# }# Enable or disable extensions
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#EXTENSIONS = {
# 'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
#}# Configure item pipelines
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {'xiaoshuo.pipelines.XiaoshuoPipeline': 300,
}# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'以上就是两种爬取网站小说的方法，有不对的还请多多指教。
