逻辑总览

在这里插入图片描述

基本环境

# 安装python3# 安装virtualenv
pip3 install virtualenv

虚拟配置

# 生成激活
# win
virtualenv -p python3 BASE_DIR/../venv
venv/Scripts/activate#linux
find / -name virtualenv
source venv/bin/activate# 退出
deactivate

命令行

# 安装django
pip install django# 查看版本
python -m django --version# 创建项目
django-admin startproject mysite# 创建app
django-admin startapp polls# 运行服务器
python manage.py runserver# 默认主页
http://127.0.0.1:8000/

创建模型

模型脚本
vi BASE_DIR/polls/ + models.py

from django.db import modelsclass Question(models.Model):question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200,)pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')def __str__(self):return self.question_textclass Choice(models.Model):question = models.ForeignKey(Question,on_delete=models.CASCADE,related_name='choice')choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)def __str__(self):return self.choice_text

# 迁移数据库
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py makemigrations polls
python manage.py migrate

URLconf

vi BASE_DIR/ + urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from django.conf.urls import url,includeurlpatterns = [url(r'polls/', include('polls.urls')),url(r'admin/', admin.site.urls),
]

vi BASE_DIR/polls/ + urls.py

from django.conf.urls import urlfrom . import viewsapp_name = 'polls'
urlpatterns = [url(r'^$', views.polls, name='polls'),url(r'^question_list/$', views.question_list, name='question_list'),url(r'^question_list/detail/(?P<question_id>\d+)/$', views.detail, name='detail'),url(r'^vote/(\d+)/$', views.vote, name='vote'),url(r'^results/(\d+)/$', views.results, name='results'),
]

视图编写

vi BASE_DIR/polls/ + views.py

from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect
from django.template import loader
from django.urls import reversefrom .models import Question,Choicedef polls(request):context = "the polls index"return render(request,'polls.html',{'context':context})# return HttpResponse(context)def question_list(request):questions = Question.objects.all()return render(request,'question_list.html',{'questions':questions})def detail(request,question_id):question = get_object_or_404(Question,pk=question_id)return render(request,'detail.html',{'question':question})def vote(request,question_id):question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)try:selected_choice = question.choice.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):# 重新显示问题的投票表单return render(request, 'detail.html', {'question': question,'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.",})selected_choice.votes += 1selected_choice.save()return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id,)))def results(request,question_id):question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)return render(request, 'results.html', {'question': question})

模板编写

# 复制样式文件
cp bootstrap.min.css BASE_DIR/polls/static/

cd BASE_DIR/polls/templates/
polls.html

{% load static %}
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/bootstrap.min.css' %}">
<div class="container"><ol class="breadcrumb my-4"><li class="breadcrumb-item active">polls</li><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="{% url 'polls:question_list' %}">question_list</a></li></ol><h1 class="breadcrumb my-4">{{ context }}</h1><a href="{% url 'polls:question_list' %}"> show all question</a>
</div>

question_list.html

{% load static %}
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/bootstrap.min.css' %}">
<div class="container"><ol class="breadcrumb my-4"><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="{% url 'polls:polls' %}">polls</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active">question_list</li></ol><h1 class="breadcrumb my-4">question_list</h1>{% if not questions %}<p><strong>empty question</strong></p>{% else %}<table class="table"><thead class="thead-dark"><tr><th>question_text</th><th>pub_date</th></tr></thead><tbody>{% for question in questions %}<tr><td><a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a><small class="text-muted d-block">{{ forloop.counter }}</small></td><td class="align=middle">{{ question.pub_date }}</td></tr>{% endfor %}</tbody></table>{% endif %}
</div>

detail.html

{% load static %}
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/bootstrap.min.css' %}">
<div class="container"><ol class="breadcrumb my-4"><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="{% url 'polls:polls' %}">polls</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="{% url 'polls:question_list' %}">question_list</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active">detail</li></ol><h1 class="breadcrumb my-4">{{ question.question_text }}</h1>{% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %}{% if not question.choice.all %}<p><strong> empyt choice </strong></p>{% else %}<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">{% csrf_token %}{% for choice in question.choice.all %}<input type="radio" id="choice_{{ forloop.counter }}" name="choice" value="{{ choice.id }}" /><label for="choice_{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br />{% endfor %}<input type="submit" value="Vote" /></form>     {% endif %}
</div>

results.html

{% load static %}
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/bootstrap.min.css' %}">
<div class="container"><ol class="breadcrumb my-4"><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="{% url 'polls:polls' %}">polls</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="{% url 'polls:question_list' %}">question_list</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active">result</li></ol><h1 class="breadcrumb my-4">{{ question.question_text }}</h1><table class="table"><thead class="thead-dark"><tr><th>choice</th><th>count</th></tr></thead><tbody>{% for choice in question.choice.all %}<tr><td>{{ choice.choice_text }}</td><td>{{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</td></tr>{% endfor %}</tbody></table><a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>	
</div>

全局settings

vi BASE_DIR/mysite/ + settings.py

# 添加app
INSTALLED_APPS = [#...'polls',  
]# 设置html模版文件路径
TEMPLATES = [{#...'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],'APP_DIRS': True,#...},
]# 静态文件
STATIC_URL = '/static/'STATICFILES_DIRS = [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static'),
]

测试

vi BASE_DIR/polls/ + tests.py

from django.test import TestCase
from django.urls import reverse,resolvefrom .views import polls, question_list, detail, vote ,results
from .models import Question
from django.utils import timezoneclass PollsTests(TestCase):def test_polls_view_status_code(self):url = reverse('polls:polls')response = self.client.get(url)self.assertIs(response.status_code,200)self.assertContains(response,'polls')def test_polls_url_resolve_polls_view(self):view = resolve('/polls/')self.assertEqual(view.func,polls)class Question_listTests(TestCase):def test_question_list_status_code(self):Question.objects.create(question_text="test_question_list_status_code",pub_date=timezone.now())url = reverse('polls:question_list')response = self.client.get(url)self.assertIs(response.status_code,200) def test_question_list_status_code_empty(self):url = reverse('polls:question_list')response = self.client.get(url)self.assertIs(response.status_code,200) self.assertContains(response,'empty')self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['questions'],[])def test_question_list_url_resolve_polls_view(self):view = resolve('/polls/question_list/')self.assertEquals(view.func,question_list)class DetailTests(TestCase):def setUp(self):q1=Question.objects.create(question_text="DetailTests",pub_date=timezone.now())q1.choice.create(choice_text='someone')q2=Question.objects.create(question_text="DetailTests_empty",pub_date=timezone.now())def test_detail_view_status_code(self):url = reverse('polls:detail',args=(1,))response = self.client.get(url)self.assertIs(response.status_code,200)def test_detail_view_status_code_empty(self):url = reverse('polls:detail',args=(2,))response = self.client.get(url)self.assertContains(response,'empty')def test_detail_url_resolve_polls_view(self):view = resolve('/polls/question_list/detail/1/')self.assertEqual(view.func,detail)class VoteTests(TestCase):def test_vote_url_resolve_polls_view(self):view = resolve('/polls/vote/1/')self.assertEqual(view.func,vote)class ResultsTests(TestCase):def setUp(self):Question.objects.create(question_text="ResultsTests",pub_date=timezone.now())   def test_result_view_status_code(self):url = reverse('polls:results',args=(1,))response = self.client.get(url)self.assertIs(response.status_code,200)def test_result_url_resolve_polls_view(self):view = resolve('/polls/results/1/')self.assertEqual(view.func,results)

# 执行测试
python manage.py test

超级用户

# 创建超级用户
python manage.py createsuperuser# 复制模板到项目模板文件
cp django/contirb/admin/templates/base_site.html BASE_DIR/templates/admin/# vi BASE_DIR/templates/admin/base_site.html
#...
<h1 id="site-name"><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">Polls Administration</a></h1>
#...

vi BASE_DIR/polls/ + admin.py

from django.contrib import adminfrom .models import Question, Choiceclass ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline):model = Choiceextra = 3class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):fieldsets = [('Question',{'fields':['question_text']}),('Date information',{'fields':['pub_date'],'classes': ['collapse']}),]inlines = [ChoiceInline]list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date')list_filter = ['pub_date']search_fields = ['question_text']class ChoiceAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):fields=['question','choice_text','votes']list_display = ('choice_text','question','votes')admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
admin.site.register(Choice, ChoiceAdmin)