一、构建虚拟 Web 主机虚拟
Web主机指的是在同一台服务器中运行多个Web站点，其中每一个站点实际上并不独立占用整个服务器，因此被称为“虚拟”Web 主机。通过虚拟 Web 主机服务可以充分利用服务器的硬件资源，从而大大降低网站构建及运行成本。
使用httpd服务可以非常方便地构建虚拟主机服务器，只需要运行一个httpd服务就能够同时支撑大量的Web站点。Apache虚拟主机相当于一个在同一台服务器中却相互独立的站点，从而实现一台主机对外提供多个 web 服务，每个虚拟主机之间是独立的，互不影响的。
httpd服务支持的虚拟主机类型包括以下三种:
-
基于域名：为每个虚拟主机使用不同的域名，但是其对应的 IP 地址是相同的。例如，www.benet.com 和 www.accp.com 站点的 IP 地址都是 192.168.146.10。这是使用最为普遍的虚拟 Web 主机类型。（相同的IP 相同的端口 不同的域名）
-
基于IP地址：为每个虚拟主机使用不同的域名，且各自对应的IP地址也不相同。这种方式需要为服务器配备多个网络接口，因此应用并不是非常广泛。（不同的IP 相同的端口）
-
基于端口：这种方式并不使用域名、IP地址来区分不同的站点内容，而是使用了不同的TCP端口号，因此用户在浏览不同的虚拟站点时需要同时指定端口号才能访问。（相同的IP 不同的端口）
1.1 基于域名的虚拟主机
1．为虚拟主机提供域名解析
<span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">在<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>etc<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>hosts 文件中临时配置域名与IP地址的映射关系
<span style="color:#81a2be">echo</span> <span style="color:#b5bd68">"192.168.146.10 www.benet.com"</span> >> <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>etc<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>hosts
<span style="color:#81a2be">echo</span> <span style="color:#b5bd68">"192.168.146.10 www.accp.com"</span> >> <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>etc<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>hosts
</code></span></span>2.为虚拟主机准备网页文档
<span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">mkdir <span style="color:#a67f59">-</span>p <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>htdocs<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>benet
mkdir <span style="color:#a67f59">-</span>p <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>htdocs<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>accp
<span style="color:#81a2be">echo</span> <span style="color:#b5bd68">"<h1>www.benet.com</h1>"</span> > <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>htdocs<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>benet<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>index<span style="color:#999999">.</span>html
<span style="color:#81a2be">echo</span> <span style="color:#b5bd68">"<h1>www.accp.com</h1>"</span> > <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>htdocs<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>accp<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>index<span style="color:#999999">.</span>html
</code></span></span>3.添加虚拟主机配置
<span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">vim <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>extra<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">-</span>vhosts<span style="color:#999999">.</span>conf <span style="color:#969896">#源码编译安装的虚拟主机配置文件路径</span>
<span style="color:#969896">#vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhosts.conf #RPM或YUM安装的虚拟主机配置文件路径</span><VirtualHost 192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>10:80> <span style="color:#969896">#设置虚拟主机配置区域</span>
<span style="color:#969896"># ServerAdmin webmaster@dummy-host.example.com #设置管理员邮箱，这行可忽略或注释</span>DocumentRoot <span style="color:#b5bd68">"/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/benett"</span> <span style="color:#969896">#设置网站根目录</span>ServerName www<span style="color:#999999">.</span>benet<span style="color:#999999">.</span>com <span style="color:#969896">#设置Web站点的完整域名（主机名+域名）</span>
<span style="color:#969896"># ServerAlias www.dummy-host.example.com</span>ErrorLog <span style="color:#b5bd68">"logs/benet-error_log"</span> <span style="color:#969896">#设置错误日志文件的路径</span>CustomLog <span style="color:#b5bd68">"logs/benet-access_log"</span> common <span style="color:#969896">#设置访问日志文件的路径</span>
<<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>VirtualHost><VirtualHost 192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>10:80> DocumentRoot <span style="color:#b5bd68">"/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/accp"</span> ServerName www<span style="color:#999999">.</span>accp<span style="color:#999999">.</span>com ErrorLog <span style="color:#b5bd68">"logs/accp-error_log"</span> CustomLog <span style="color:#b5bd68">"logs/accp-access_log"</span> common
<<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>VirtualHost>
</code></span></span>4.设置访问控制
<span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell"><Directory <span style="color:#b5bd68">"/usr/local/httpd/htdocs"</span>> <span style="color:#969896">#设置目录访问权限</span>Options None <span style="color:#969896">#不启用任何的服务器特性</span>AllowOverride None <span style="color:#969896">#不允许重写Apache默认配置 </span>Require all granted <span style="color:#969896">#允许所有主机访问</span>
<<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>Directory><Directory <span style="color:#b5bd68">"/usr/local/httpd/htdocs"</span>> Options NoneAllowOverride None Require all granted
<<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>Directory>
</code></span></span><span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code>Options指令解释：
Options指令的主要作用是控制特定目录将启用哪些服务器特性。可以在Apache服务配置文件的虚拟主机配置 (VirtualHost)、特定目录配置(Directory)以及.htaccess文件中使用。
Options指令常用选项：
None：表示不启用任何的服务器特性。
FollowSymLinks：服务器允许在此目录中使用符号连接（软链接）。
Indexes：如果输入的网址对应服务器上的一个文件目录，而此目录中又没有Apache配置文件中的DirectoryIndex指令 指定的文件（例如： DirectoryIndex index.html index.php），则列出该目录下的所有文件。
MultiViews：如果客户端请求的路径可能对应多种类型的文件，那么服务器将根据客户端请求的具体情况自动选择一 个最匹配客户端要求的文件。例如，在服务器站点的file文件夹下中存在名为hello.jpg和hello.html的两个文件，此时用户 输入 http://localhost/file/hello ，如果在 file文件夹下并没有 hello子目录，那么服务器将会尝试在 file目录下查找形如 hello.*的文件，然后根据用户请求的具体情况返回最匹配要求的 hello.jpg或者 hello.html。
All：表示除 MultiViews之外的所有特性。这也是Options指令的默认设置。AllowOverride指令解释：
.htaccess(分布式隐含配置文件)：提供了针对每个目录改变配置的方法，即在一个特定的目录中放置一个包含特定指令的文件，其中的指令作用于此目录及其所有子目录。
当AllowOverride设置成None时，相应的配置目录下的.htaccess文件是不被读取的，即无法生效。
当AllowOverride设置成All时，每一次请求访问相应目录下的文件时，都会读取.htaccess文件的配置，意味着原Apache指令会被.htaccess文件中的指令重写。
从性能和安全性考虑，一般都尽可能避免使用.htaccess文件，任何希望放在.htaccess文件中的配置，都可放在主配置文件（httpd.conf）的 <Directory>段中，而且高效。因此AllowOverride属性一般都配置成None 。地址限制策略：
Require all granted：允许所有主机访问。
Require all denied：拒绝所有主机访问。
Require local：仅允许本地主机访问。
Require [not] host <主机名或域名列表>：允许或拒绝指定主机或域名访问。
Require [not] ip <IP 地址或网段列表>：允许或拒绝指定 IP 地址网络访问。
</code></span></span>5.加载独立的配置文件
<span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">vim <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#999999">.</span>conf <span style="color:#969896">#源码编译安装的httpd服务主配置文件路径</span>
<span style="color:#a67f59">--</span>483行<span style="color:#a67f59">--</span>取消注释
Include conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>extra<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">-</span>vhosts<span style="color:#999999">.</span>conf <span style="color:#969896">#加载独立的配置文件</span><span style="color:#969896">#vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf #RPM或YUM安装的httpd服务主配置文件路径</span>
IncludeOptional conf<span style="color:#999999">.</span>d/<span style="color:#a67f59">*</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>conf <span style="color:#969896">#最后一行已默认开启此项</span><span style="color:#969896">#保存退出后重启服务</span>
systemctl restart httpd
</code></span></span>6.在客户机中访问虚拟 Web 主机
<span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">http:<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span><span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>www<span style="color:#999999">.</span>benet<span style="color:#999999">.</span>com
http:<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span><span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>www<span style="color:#999999">.</span>accp<span style="color:#999999">.</span>com
</code></span></span>1.2 基于IP地址的虚拟主机
<span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">ifconfig ens37:0 192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>1146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>11 netmask 255<span style="color:#999999">.</span>255<span style="color:#999999">.</span>255<span style="color:#999999">.</span>0
或
ifconfig ens37:0 192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>11<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>24
</code></span></span><span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">vim <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>extra<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">-</span>vhosts<span style="color:#999999">.</span>conf
<VirtualHost 192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>10:80> DocumentRoot <span style="color:#b5bd68">"/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/benet"</span> ServerName www<span style="color:#999999">.</span>benet<span style="color:#999999">.</span>com ErrorLog <span style="color:#b5bd68">"logs/benet-error_log"</span> CustomLog <span style="color:#b5bd68">"logs/benet-access_log"</span> common
<<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>VirtualHost><VirtualHost 192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>11:80> DocumentRoot <span style="color:#b5bd68">"/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/accp"</span> ServerName www<span style="color:#999999">.</span>accp<span style="color:#999999">.</span>com ErrorLog <span style="color:#b5bd68">"logs/accp-error_log"</span> CustomLog <span style="color:#b5bd68">"logs/accp-access_log"</span> common
<<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>VirtualHost><Directory <span style="color:#b5bd68">"/usr/local/httpd/htdocs"</span>> Options None AllowOverride None Require all granted
<<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>Directory>
</code></span></span><span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">vim <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#999999">.</span>conf
<span style="color:#a67f59">--</span>53行<span style="color:#a67f59">--</span>插入
Listen 192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>198<span style="color:#999999">.</span>146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>11:80<span style="color:#969896">#保存退出 重启服务</span>
systemctl restart httpd <span style="color:#969896">#在客户机中浏览器访问虚拟 Web 主机</span>
http:<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span><span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>80<span style="color:#999999">.</span>10
http:<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span><span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>80<span style="color:#999999">.</span>100
</code></span></span>1.3 基于端口的虚拟主机
<span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">vim <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>extra<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">-</span>vhosts<span style="color:#999999">.</span>conf
<VirtualHost 192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>10:80> DocumentRoot <span style="color:#b5bd68">"/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/benet"</span> ServerName www<span style="color:#999999">.</span>benet<span style="color:#999999">.</span>com ErrorLog <span style="color:#b5bd68">"logs/benet-error_log"</span> CustomLog <span style="color:#b5bd68">"logs/benet-access_log"</span> common
<<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>VirtualHost><VirtualHost 192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>10:8080> DocumentRoot <span style="color:#b5bd68">"/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/accp"</span> ServerName www<span style="color:#999999">.</span>accp<span style="color:#999999">.</span>com ErrorLog <span style="color:#b5bd68">"logs/accp-error_log"</span> CustomLog <span style="color:#b5bd68">"logs/accp-access_log"</span> common
<<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>VirtualHost><Directory <span style="color:#b5bd68">"/usr/local/httpd/htdocs"</span>> Options None AllowOverride None Require all granted
<<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>Directory>
</code></span></span><span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">vim <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#999999">.</span>conf
<span style="color:#a67f59">--</span>53行<span style="color:#a67f59">--</span>插入
Listen 192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>198<span style="color:#999999">.</span>146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>10:8080
</code></span></span><span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">systemctl restart httpd 在客户机中浏览器访问虚拟 Web 主机
http:<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span><span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>10:80
http:<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span><span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>10:8080
</code></span></span>二、Apache 连接保持
<span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">vim <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>extra<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">-</span>default<span style="color:#999999">.</span>conf
</code></span></span><span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code>KeepAlive On #设置是否打开连接保持功能，后面接OFF表示关闭，接ON表示打开。可以根据网站的并发请求量决定是否打开，即在高并发时打开连接保持功能，并发量不高时关闭此功能。MaxKeepAliveRequests 100 #用于设置在一次长连接中可以传输的最大请求数量，超过此最大请求数量就会断开连接，最大值的设置决定于网站中网页的内容，一般设置数量会多于网站中所有的元素。KeepAliveTimeout 5 #设置来自同一个客户端一次连接多次请求之间的最大间隔时间，即两次请求之间超过该时间连接就会自动断开，从而避免客户端占用连接资源。
</code></span></span>2.1 构建Web虚拟目录与用户授权限制
1.创建用户认证数据文件
<span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">cd <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>bin
<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>htpasswd <span style="color:#a67f59">-</span>c <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>user zhangsan
<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>htpasswd <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>user lisi
<span style="color:#969896">#-c选项表示新建用户数据文件，缺省时则表示指定的用户数据文件已经存在，用于添加新的用户或修改现有用户的密码。</span><span style="color:#81a2be">cat</span> <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>user <span style="color:#969896">#确认用户数据文件</span>
</code></span></span>2.添加用户授权配置
<span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">vim <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#999999">.</span>conf
<span style="color:#a67f59">--</span>末行添加<span style="color:#a67f59">--</span>
Alias <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>test <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>htdocs<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>test <span style="color:#969896">#设置虚拟目录的根目录，/test为虚拟目录名称 </span><Directory <span style="color:#b5bd68">"/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/test"</span>> <span style="color:#969896">#设置虚拟目录配置区域</span>AuthName <span style="color:#b5bd68">"Hello!"</span> <span style="color:#969896">#定义受保护的领域名称，会在认证对话框中显示</span>AuthType Basic <span style="color:#969896">#设置认证的类型，Basic表示基本认证</span>AuthUserFile <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>user <span style="color:#969896">#设置用于保存用户账号和密码的认证文件的路径</span>Require valid<span style="color:#a67f59">-</span>user <span style="color:#969896">#开启用户认证，只有认证文件中的合法用户才能访问</span><span style="color:#969896">#authgroupfile /usr/local/httpd/conf/group #设置用于保存组账号和密码的认证文件的路径</span><span style="color:#969896">#Require user zhangsan #仅允许指定用户访问</span><span style="color:#969896">#Require group zhangsan #仅允许指定组访问 </span>
<<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>Directory><Directory <span style="color:#b5bd68">"/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/test"</span>>AuthName <span style="color:#b5bd68">"Hello!"</span>AuthType BasicAuthUserFile <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>conf<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>userRequire valid<span style="color:#a67f59">-</span>user
<<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>Directory>
</code></span></span>3．验证用户访问授权
<span style="color:#b4b4b4 !important"><span style="background-color:#1d1f21"><code class="language-powershell">mkdir <span style="color:#a67f59">-</span>p <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>htdocs<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>test
<span style="color:#81a2be">echo</span> <span style="color:#b5bd68">"<h1>this is vdir test</h1>"</span> > <span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>usr<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>local<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>httpd<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>htdocs<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>test<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>index<span style="color:#999999">.</span>html
systemctl restart httpdsystemctl restart httpd在客户机中浏览器访问
http:<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span><span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>192<span style="color:#999999">.</span>168<span style="color:#999999">.</span>146<span style="color:#999999">.</span>10:80<span style="color:#a67f59">/</span>test</code></span></span>
